Governance Weekly Recap

Week of November 28, 2022

Summary

We’re nearing the end of the reflection period, with the next voting cycle just ahead of us (see below).

:speaking_head: On November 29 the Optimism Foundation posted information about Grants Council membership — so if you’re interested in being on the Council, check it out.

Proposals

The Grants Council and Protocol Delegation Program proposals continue to see active discussion ahead of Voting Cycle #9a, which begins on December 8.

:speaking_head: Voting Cycle #9a is coming up!

In the Forums

Reporting requirements for grantees. Suggestions from the Foundation.

The Karma delegate dashboard continues to be developed. Try it out and provide feedback.

Delegate communication. @Joxes presents a “compilation of thoughts” on Season 2, gathered from the DeFi LATAM community.

The delegate code of conduct has been updated.

In Discord

Council Reviewers. Here’s an exchange about how council members might keep delegates informed.

On Twitter

“How can we get them to fork us more?” One of @divine_economy’s favorite things about Optimism.

Vitalik on governance rights and token value.

Happy birthday beacon chain!

This week in Optimism, with OP Radio #9 featuring Lido.

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: The next call, led by @Jrocki, is coming up on December 6 (18:00 UTC). Keep your eye on this post for further details.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.2 | Proposal template | Delegates | Snapshot | Optimism on Boardroom

6 Likes

Week of December 5, 2022

Summary

There are two important proposals up for voting. These two have seen record voter engagement so far, with over 20k wallets participating at the time of writing. Voting ends on December 21.

Also important: Optimism governance will be transitioning to on-chain voting for Season 3.

And even more important! The Optimism Foundation recently announced the first iteration of the Citizens’ House.

:speaking_head: Related: Token House badge-holder nominations are due by December 14 (20:00 UTC).

Proposals

Grants Council (Snapshot | Discussion). This proposal intends to establish a Grants Council — made up of a council lead working together with eight reviewers — to manage the Governance Fund proposal process. Governance Committees will no longer be in place; instead the Council “will have full decision making authority as to which grants are made.” If this proposal is approved, the Optimism Foundation will select the Council Lead while delegates will vote for the eight council reviewers (who must self-nominate). Reviewers on the Council will be split into two sub-committees: The Growth Experiments Sub-Committee and the Builders Sub-Committee. The Council will have a total seasonal budget of 5 million OP; budgets will need to be approved by delegates each season — if the Council itself proves a worthwhile evolution of Optimism governance.

Protocol Delegation Program (Snapshot | Discussion). This proposal seeks to address the controversial protocol self-delegation issue by temporarily delegating a certain amount of “idle” tokens from the Governance Fund to protocols according to a specific criterion. This criterion is “designed to be simple, objective, not easily gameable, and applicable across protocols”: total gas fees generated on Optimism during the preceding Season. Multipliers and certain other important conditions detailed in the proposal. The maximum amount of OP a protocol can be delegated is 2 million (e.g. if a protocol already has 2 million in delegated OP, they will not receive any more through this program). Up to 15 protocols will be selected according the above criterion. An additional eight protocols may self-nominate to receive delegated OP; those self-nominating protocols will be voted on in Voting Cycle #9b — should this proposal pass.

In the Forums

Delegate commitments. Six new ones have been posted since last week.

L2BEAT’s new Governance Delegate is @kaereste.

Voting power grant proposal. @Jadmat suggests a framework for proposers who want to self-delegate granted OP.

More on on-chain. @rshuel from a16z provides insight about on-chain governance.

In Discord

Data from a Dune dashboard will be used to identify the protocols eligible for the delegation program (see proposal above).

On Twitter

This week in Optimism. It was a big one.

Gitcoin hosted a Twitter Spaces convo about Optimism’s retroPGF round.

And a thread on the same RPGF Round 2 by the Optimism Foundation.

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: Check out the recap of last week’s call, together with a recording. Many thanks to @Jrocki for hosting.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.2 | Proposal template | Delegates | Snapshot | Optimism on Boardroom

7 Likes

Week of December 12, 2022

Summary

Another week of exciting announcements from the Optimism Foundation, including the AttestationStation, a smart contract on Optimism that provides “a permissionless and accessible data source for builders creating reputation-based applications.”

:speaking_head: Voting for the three proposals below ends on December 21 ~1:30pm ET.

Proposals

Badgeholder Nomination Voting (Snapshot | Discussion). The Optimism Foundation recently announced the initiation of its long-awaited Citizens’ House, which, together with the Token House, forms the bi-cameral governance structure of the Optimism Collective. As part of this initiation, voting badges for the Citizens’ House will be distributed to 90 community members; 10 of these community members will come from within the Token House, and are to be nominated and voted for by the community through this proposal. Requirements for nomination are listed in the originating post, and the final nominations are listed here. It is important to note that this is not “ranked choice” voting. I.e. any number of nominees can be voted for, but the 10 with the highest number of votes will be selected.

Grants Council (Snapshot | Discussion). See description in last week’s recap above.

Protocol Delegation Program (Snapshot | Discussion). See description in last week’s recap above.

In the Forums

New delegate commitments from @Catdl and @Heartistry.

Delegate communication updates from @Gonna.eth, @OPUser, and @Joxes.

Where has the OP gone? Analysis of Aelin and Singlshot grants by @jackanorak.

In Discord

Voting in Token House badge-holder elections isn’t ranked choice. You can vote for any number of nominees, and the top ten will be selected.

Just how many Citizens in the Citizens’ House?

Season 3 will be roughly nine weeks long, depending.

What happens if badge-holders from rPFG1 get elected for Citizens’ House badges?

On Twitter

See your Optimism Score, built by Flipside on Attestation Station.

AttestationStation Launch on Twitter Spaces.

This week in Optimism.

Supreme Optimist Kelvin Fichter on OP Radio #11.

Justine (@lavande) talks about the Protocol Delegation Program proposal with Boardroom.

Open-souricing the Quix NFT marketplace on Optimism, on The Web3 Experience Podcast with @Jrocki, web3mark, fucory, justsayuluvjo (live Space on Monday, December 19, 7pm ET).

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: The next call will be on December 20 (10am PT / 1pm ET / 7pm CET), hosted by @Michael, on Zoom. More details here.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.2 | Proposal template | Delegates | Snapshot | Optimism on Boardroom

3 Likes

Week of December 19, 2022

Summary

Governance Update #5 notes some important changes for Season 3 following from the success of the Grants Council and Protocol Delegation Program proposals (33k+ wallets voting in each!) and the distribution of voting badges to the first set of Citizens. Here are a few items from the Update:

Applications for all of the above are due by January 4, 2023 19:00 GMT. Voting on the Council Reviewers and the self-nominated protocols in the delegation program will take place during Voting Cycle #9b.

:speaking_head: Voting Cycle #9b: from January 5th 19:00 GMT to January 18th 19:00 GMT.

See Update #5 for more details on RetroPGF2 and an outline of “what to expect in Season 3” — which officially starts on January 26th.

Proposals

Voting Cycle #9a just ended. See above and Governance Update #5 for more info on the next Cycle.

In the Forums

:speaking_head: Requests for grants: Builders & Growth Experiments. Post your suggestions!

Delegate communication thread updates from @ScaleWeb3, @Joxes, @kaereste (L2BEAT), @GFXlabs, @Bobbay_StableLab, and @jackanorak (here).

Citizen House selection based on on-chain activity?

Some more discussion on the subject of the Synthetix Ambassadors Phase 0 delegation.

Enabling governance with OP that is used as collateral?

New delegate commitment from @Organicfruitjuice.

On Twitter

Happy holidays, nerds! The week in Optimism.

Optimism 2022: Year in Review (Mirror article). Also in Chinese, Polish, Russian, and Vietnamese.

Deep-dive stats for every project on Optimism, courtesy of Michael Silbering.

OP Radio #12, with Mirror.

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: The next call will be on January 3, 2023 10am PT / 1pm ET / 7pm CET. Details will be posted to the forum. Michael’s recap of the last one is here, together with the recording.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.2 | Proposal template | Delegates | Snapshot | Optimism on Boardroom

5 Likes

Week of December 26, 2022

Summary

Happy New Year, Optimists. :fireworks:

:speaking_head: Applications are due January 4th 19:00 GMT for the Grants Council Lead, for Grants Council reviewer self-nominations, and for protocol delegation self-nominations. (We have five Grants Council reviewer nominations so far, check them out.)

As noted last week: See Update #5 for more details on RetroPGF2 and an outline of “what to expect in Season 3” — which officially starts on January 26th.

Proposals

:speaking_head: Voting Cycle #9b takes place from January 5th 19:00 GMT to January 18th 19:00 GMT.

In the Forums

New delegate commitments from @0xMauri, @revmiller, @Oxytocin, @Benjamin.lens.

Delegate updates from @jackanorak and @Joxes.

Protocol delegation self-nominations are being added to this thread.

Can we get a final list of the protocols that will be getting the delegated OP?

Rebalance delegate tokens for more decentralization? @Gonna.eth wonders.

In Discord

How to be included in Voting Cycle #10?

On Twitter

Crypto predictions for 2023, from @protolambda.

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: The next community call is Tuesday, January 10 at 10am PT / 1pm ET / 7pm CET. See the forum post for more info (and here’s the Zoom link).

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.2 | Proposal template | Delegates | Snapshot | Optimism on Boardroom

9 Likes

Week of January 2, 2023

Summary

Since the deadline for applications for Grants Council Lead, Reviewers, and protocol self-nominations was extended to January 11 , a number of new folks (and groups) have put themselves forward for the role of Reviewer. Too many to list here, but take a good look now as voting for Reviewers will begin this week. Similarly, protocol delegation self-nominations are coming in strong.

:speaking_head: If you have questions or comments, there’s a community governance call coming up tomorrow.

Proposals

:speaking_head: Voting Cycle #9b — for Grants Council Reviewers and protocol delegations — will take place from January 12th 19:00 GMT to January 18th 19:00 GMT.

In the Forums

Optimism en Español2022 Recap, thanks to @NicoProducto.

Eight new delegate commitments have been posted over the last week.

Delegate communication thread update from @MoneyManDoug.

Delegate rebalance debate — continues.

In Discord

The Snapshot of your (delegated) OP will take place on January 12, ahead of the voting cycle. Make sure your OP is where you want it to be.

On Twitter

First Optimism weekly recap of the year.

“This meeting could’ve been an email : This NFT could’ve been an attestation,” says Michael Silbering.

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: The next community call is tomorrow, Tuesday, January 10 at 10am PT / 1pm ET / 7pm CET. See the forum post for more info (and here’s the Zoom link).

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.2 | Proposal template | Delegates | Snapshot | Optimism on Boardroom

3 Likes

Week of January 9, 2023

Summary

Optimism’s Goerli testnet was upgraded to Bedrock! Mainnet next.

As shared during the last community call, hosted by @michael, @ben-chain is looking for feedback about what kind of protocol upgrade information the community would want ahead of an upgrade vote: “Mainnet upgrades need to go through the Token House.”

The Grants Council will soon be set and at work. Check out the two request-for-grants threads, which will inform the Council’s Growth Experiments and Builders sub-committees.

Proposals

:speaking_head: Special Voting Cycle #9b is under way — voting ends soon, on January 18, 19:00 UTC.

In the Forums

Delegate code of conduct was updated by @lavande with several additions/clarifications, including under what circumstances a delegate can vote for their own candidacy.

Delegate communication thread updates from @Gonna.eth, @ScaleWeb3, @GFXlabs, and @OPuser.

New delegate commitments — there are ~20 of them.

In Discord

The forum is being reorganized.

And also, forum spam seems to have increased lately.

On Twitter

RetroPGF2 nominations start on Tuesday (plus, a good meme).

This week in Optimism, and OP Radio is now a podcast too.

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: The next community governance call, hosted by @Jrocki, is tomorrow Tuesday, January 17th at 10am PT / 1pm ET / 7pm CET. The recap (link to recording) of last week’s call is here.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.2 | Proposal template | Delegates | Snapshot | Optimism on Boardroom

4 Likes

Week of January 16, 2023

Summary

The Grants Council Reviewers have been elected and the Council Lead chosen — congratulations to all! (See tweet thread here for details.)

Here’s a complete list of protocols participating in the delegation program for Season 3.

Season 3 of the Governance Fund begins on January 26.

Meanwhile, nominations are being submitted for RetroPGF2 in the education, infrastructure & dependencies, and tooling & utilities categories — nominations will be accepted through January 31. You can also provide your feedback on this round of RetroPGF.

Proposals

Special Voting Cycle #9b ended on January 18.

:speaking_head: Check out the proposals being submitted for Cycle #10.

In the Forums

You may have noticed that the forum has been reorganized; here’s a navigation guide.

Request for grantsGrowth Experiments, and Builders.

Delegate communication thread updates from @polynya, @Bobbay_StableLab, @jackanorak, and @Joxes.

Six new delegate commitments.

Grant proposal template has been updated.

On Twitter

Optimism in the World Economic Forum report on DAOs.

This week in Optimism, and Tally Ho on OP Radio.

If people think what you’re doing is grandiose and unrealistic….

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: The next community governance call will likely be on Tuesday, February 7th at 10am PT / 1pm ET / 7pm CET. (Details haven’t been posted yet.) The recap (and the link to the recording) of last week’s call is here.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.2 | Proposal template | Delegates | Snapshot | Optimism on Boardroom

6 Likes

Week of January 23, 2023

Summary

  1. As Grants Council Lead @danelund.eth explains, Season 3 of the Governance Fund will have two cycles. Those looking to apply for the first of those cycles, Cycle #10, should do so before 19:00 GMT on February 1, 2023. All Grants Council details can be found on their new landing page; the Council’s internal procedures are detailed here and their aims here.
  2. The latest version of the Operating Manual, which “describes the current governance proposal process of the Optimism Collective,” has been posted by @lavande.
  3. RetroPGF round 2 nominations continue through January 31st. Check out the categories of education, infrastructure & dependencies, and tooling & utilities.

Proposals

Special Voting Cycle #9b ended on January 18.

In the Forums

New delegate commitments from @Oxytocin, @0xtassilo.eth, and @WintermuteGovernance.

In Discord

If your proposal relates to governance funding…apply on the Grants Council form (see above); you don’t need to post in the forum.

Examples of successful applications to the governance fund (but not authoritative).

On Twitter

The Optimism AttestationStation “is a new building block for identity and trust, and ‘making blockchains human friendly’.”

This week in Optimism, and Bored Town Original NFT collection on OP Radio.

Optimism research study “to help inform how we can improve the experience on Optimism.”

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: The next community governance call will be on Tuesday, January 31st at 10am PT / 1pm ET / 7pm CET on Zoom.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.2 | Proposal template | Delegates | Snapshot | Optimism on Boardroom

2 Likes

Week of January 30, 2023

Summary

  1. Nominations for RetroPGF2 closed on January 31st; nominated projects have until February 14th to opt-in.
  2. Keep a look-out for a test of the new on-chain governance system, which will be coming our way thanks to @zcf and Agora.
  3. Grant application info can be found on the Grants Council’s Notion home page.
  • The first cycle is underway, and will end on March 1.
  • Here’s a summary of the grant proposer AMA that was held on February 3rd. The tldr provided: “On-time applicants have until Monday (Feb. 6) at 19:00 GMT to amend their applications to meet basic parameters.”
  • You can see the many grant applications by selecting Grants Council and/or Cycle-10 tags.
  • @lavande has written a grant token-lock explainer.

Proposals

[Draft] Upgrade Proposal: Bedrock. This is the first protocol upgrade to be be put before the Collective. There’ll be an AMA with folks from OP Labs and the Foundation on February 8th at 18:30 GMT in Discord.

:speaking_head: Voting starts on February 16th.

Here’s an explanation of the non-grant proposal process for this cycle.

In the Forums

Introducing Babel m-DAO, a community driven experiment proposed by @TheDoctor.

There are five new delegate commitments, check them out.

In Discord

There’s a read-only #grants-council communications channel.

On Twitter

Clique provides an update to their OP AttestationStation.

Optimism Bedrock explainer.

This week in Optimism, and OP Radio #17 with metaverse hackathon winners.

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: A recording of the last call can be found here, thanks to @Michael. The next community governance call will be on Tuesday, Feburary 14th at 10am PT / 1pm ET / 7pm CET. Details to come.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.2 | Proposal template | Delegates | Snapshot | Optimism on Boardroom

8 Likes

Good job Man :sunglasses::smiling_face_with_three_hearts:waw OP hut progct Good

1 Like

Week of February 06, 2023

Summary

  1. All Token House votes will now occur on-chain. Agora has built an excellent portal for Optimism — you can try it out with this test proposal ahead of the next live voting round. You’ll need to fill out your delegate profile first, however.
  2. RetroPGF2 nominated projects have until February 21st to opt-in.
  3. You can see the many grant applications by selecting Grants Council and/or Cycle-10 tags. A list of grants in Preliminary Review has been distributed via the Grants Council Discord channel.
  4. And oh yes, there was an OP airdrop.

Proposals

[Draft] Upgrade Proposal: Bedrock. The first protocol upgrade to be be put before the Collective.

:speaking_head: Voting starts on February 16th.

In the Forums

Registering as a delegate. The process has changed, and will take place through the voting portal.

Voting power consolidation? @0xtassilo.eth considers the question.

Airdrop #2 anomalies?

On Twitter

Airdrop sybil hunting defense approach.

“The chain/rollup-as-a-service field is furiously heating up right now,” observes Norswap.

Things to build on Optimism, from @jack_anorak.

This week in Optimism, and OP Radio #18 on Binance stablecoin integration and partnership.

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: The next community governance call will be on Tuesday, Feburary 14th at 10am PT / 1pm ET / 7pm CET, on Zoom.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.2 | Proposal template | Delegates | Voting Portal | Optimism on Boardroom

6 Likes

good read Thanks for the summary.

1 Like

Hi, what is the password for the community call?

Week of February 13, 2023

Summary

  1. Voting for the Bedrock protocol upgrade has been delayed until Cycle 11 (voting period begins March 23).
  2. RetroPGF2 nominated projects (still) have until February 21st to opt-in.

Proposals

[Draft] Upgrade Proposal: Bedrock. The first protocol upgrade to be be put before the Collective.

In the Forums

Quests retrospect, and questions about future directions from @DonKatsu

Community calls. Should they be moved to Discord stages?

Cycle 10 grant review roundup, from @danelund.eth.

New grant proposal templates, for Cycle 11.

On Twitter

a16z announces its first cohort of OP delegates.

How Optimism plans to bootstrap the first use case of decentralized identity.

The Optimist NFTcustom profile pictures coming soon.

Submit your best Optimist NFT memes here.

This week in Optimism, and OP Radio #19: Rainbow Web3 Wallet.

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: Here’s a recap and recording of last week’s community governance call.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.3 | Voting Portal | Optimism on Boardroom

5 Likes

Week of February 20, 2023

Highlights

  1. Optimism goes Superchain, fyi. Here’s a set of helpful links to explanatory docs.
  2. Grant applicants: make sure you understand the OP no-sale/lock-up policies.
  3. Cycle 11 grant hopefuls: follow the new proposal template here, and be mindful of the new milestone assessment guidance.

Proposals

[Draft] Upgrade Proposal: Bedrock. Voting has been delayed until Cycle 11. See the explanation here.

In the Forums

Karma’s delegate dashboard has some new features.

Distribution of voting power discussion continues.

Coinbase + OP = BASE

On Twitter

Optimism weekly recap

OP Radio #21: Base Built on the OP Stack

The Superchain

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: The next community governance call is tomorrow, Tuesday, February 28th at 10am PT / 1pm ET / 7pm CET, on Zoom.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.3 | Voting Portal | Optimism on Boardroom

3 Likes

Week of February 27, 2023

Highlights

  1. Cycle 10 grant finalists were announced a few days ago.
  2. Cycle 11 grant applications are due on March 8, 19:00 GMT. Keep an eye on the Grants Council’s landing page for more information.
  3. Current Cycle 11 proposals can be seen using the appropriate forum category.

:eyes: @lavande announced the Collective DAO Archives, comprising two resources to research policies, programs, and the unofficial roadmaps of 20 Ethereum DAOs. See Justine’s presentation at ETHDenver.

Proposals

[Draft] Upgrade Proposal: Bedrock. V2 of this proposal is expected to be posted soon.

In the Forums

Some questions (and answers) about Optimism’s monetary policy.

Feedback on Agora’s voting portal continues in this thread.

On Twitter

Technical deep dive on the Superchain, summarized.

Weird ETH Yankovic at ETHDenver, and a long thread.

Attestation-based identity, explained.

Optimism weekly recap.

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: A recording of last week’s community governance call can be found here, with recap to come soon.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.3 | Voting Portal | Optimism on Boardroom

4 Likes

Week of March 6, 2023

Highlights

  1. RetroPGF2 voting is live! Check out all the eligible projects. Here’s a recording of the kick-off call. Badgeholders can vote through March 23; see more info in the Badgeholder Manual.
  2. The grant submission deadline for cycle 11 has been moved to March 14 — keep your eye on the Grants Council docs.
  3. Current Cycle 11 proposals can be seen using the appropriate forum category.
  4. As @lavande notes in Discord: “Provided the [Bedrock v2] proposal draft receives the required delegate approvals, Bedrock will go to a vote during the voting period of Cycle #11, which begins at 19:00 GMT on March 23rd.”
  5. Community governance call is tomorrow — see details below.

Proposals

[Draft] Upgrade Proposal: Bedrock - v2. This version includes important changes and context, and is followed up with the final results of the Sherlock audit contest.

In the Forums

Citizens’ House badgeholders can if they want provide their RetroPGF2 voting rationales here.

Badgeholder conflicts of interest can be disclosed in this thread.

RPGF2: Overview of education nominees, generously provided by @Michael.

Delegate communication thread updates from @OPUser and @saludiego201.

Some feedback on EIP4844 Contributors Collection.

On Twitter

If life is a party, RetroPGF is the music.

Optimism weekly recap.

OP Radio #22: Quests on Coinbase Wallet.

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: The next community governance call is Tuesday, March 14th, at 10am PT / 1pm ET / 7pm CET, on Zoom.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.3 | Voting Portal | Optimism on Boardroom

6 Likes

Week of March 13, 2023

Highlights

  1. RetroPGF voting is live until March 23. Here are all the eligible projects. See badgeholder voting rationales and conflict-of-interest disclosures.
  2. Bedrock goes up for voting on the new portal this week — 19:00 GMT on March 23.

Proposals

[Draft] Upgrade Proposal: Bedrock - v2.

In the Forums

Kromatika is looking for feedback on changing their use of proceeds from a Cycle 6 grant.

Delegate communication thread update from @OPUser.

On Twitter

This week in Optimism

OP Radio #23: The Uncommon Mark Tyneway

In Discord

There’s been a lot of activity in #gov-monitoring recently.

Can edits be made to a grant proposal after the submission deadline has passed?

Governance Calls

:speaking_head: Here’s the recording and recap of last week’s community governance call.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.3 | Voting Portal | Optimism on Boardroom

3 Likes

Week of March 20, 2023

Highlights

  1. RetroPGF results should be forthcoming in a couple of days.
  2. Voting is live on the new portal. Be sure that you can see both proposals.
  3. There’s a new version of the Operating Manual, v0.3.3.

Proposals

In the Forums

In Discord & Twitter

Governance Calls

The next community governance call is Tuesday, March 28th, at 10am PT / 1pm ET / 7pm CET, on Zoom.

Quick Gov Links: Working Constitution | Operating Manual v0.3. 3| Voting Portal | Optimism on Boardroom

5 Likes